Induced by native vertebrates
![Marine mammal haul-out with a New Zealand fur seal at Turakirae Head, southeast of Wellington (Rowan Buxton)](https://oldwww.landcareresearch.co.nz/__data/assets/image/0012/14331/varieties/thumb200.jpg)
Marine mammal haul-out with a New Zealand fur seal at Turakirae Head, southeast of Wellington (Rowan Buxton)
Historically many coastal ecosystems in New Zealand supported large colonies of seabirds and sea mammals. These animals can have a profound influence on the ecosystems they inhabit through both the addition of nutrients and disturbance caused by burrowing and trampling.