FNZ 57 - Apoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera) - Diagnosis of supraspecific taxa
Donovan, BJ 2007. Apoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Fauna of New Zealand 57, 295 pages.
(
ISSN 0111-5383 (print),
;
no.
57.
ISBN 978-0-478-09389-6 (print),
).
Published 07 Sep 2007
ZooBank: http://zoobank.org/References/B2070E05-13B6-4CBF-9A0A-0ACE40FA4796
Diagnosis of supraspecific taxa in New Zealand
The following diagnoses for the bees found in New Zealand are based on those of Michener (2000) with modifications relevant to the representatives of the groups present in New Zealand.
Family Colletidae
Glossa short, commonly broader than long, truncate, bilobed. The labrum is broader than long, with the apical margin fringed with bristles. One subantennal suture extends from the lower margin of the antennal socket to the upper margin of the clypeus. The propodeal triangle is naked. Forewings with 2 or 3 submarginal cells. Disc of metasomal sternum 7 of males is much reduced, but supports long basolateral apodemes, and 1 or 2 paired apical lobes. All species solitary, but the ground-nesting species usually aggregating into sometimes giant concentrations of nests. Species nesting in plant material do not mine their own tunnels. Cells are lined with cellophane-like film, and provisions are firm to semiliquid, with the egg deposited on the surface.
Subfamily Colletinae. Both sexes very hairy, facial integument black, forewings with 3 submarginal cells. Females with well developed scopa on the metatibia, and with a pygidial plate. All species ground-nesting, with cells more or less horizontal, each at the end of a tunnel. Tunnels partly filled with loose soil, and in flat ground are not vertical.
Genus Leioproctus. Integument black or nearly so, facial foveae absent, inner hind tibial spur ciliate with the teeth forming an evenly spaced series.
Subgenus Leioproctus. Malar space short, propodeal triangle angular in lateral view, metabasitarsus of females with hairs of outer face short, unbranched, supraclypeus of females more mounded up and rounded, than pointed. Males without pseudopygidium, the apical lobes of the 7th metasomal sternum large, rather narrowly attached to the sternum. Jugal lobe of hind wing about 1/2– 2/3 as long as vannal lobe, and reaching or nearly reaching vein cu-v (Fig 36b). About 125 species, centred in Australia and nearby islands, with 1 species in Brazil, and 11 species in New Zealand.
Subgenus Nesocolletes. Malar space long in 5 species, relatively short in L. nunui, and short in L. maritimus. Propodeal triangle declivous in lateral view, or very nearly so, metabasitarsus of females with well developed scopa with long, strongly branched hairs on outer face, supraclypeus of females more pointed than mounded and rounded, except L. monticola with these 2 characters much as in L. (Leioproctus). Males with moderately to strongly developed pseudopygidium, except males of L. monticola and L. maritimus with very weak and weak development respectively of pseudopygidial characters, the apical lobes of the 7th metasomal sternum small in L. fulvescens, L. nunui, and L. paahaumaa, broadly attached to the sternum. Jugal lobe of hind wing about 1/2 to much less than 1/2 as long as vannal lobe, not nearly reaching vein cu-v (Fig 36b). Restricted to New Zealand, with 7 species.
Subfamily Hylaeinae. Both sexes with few hairs. Faces and some other areas with maculae yellow, pale yellow, or orange. Forewing with 2 submarginal cells. Anterior face of 1st metasomal tergum convex, without longitudinal median groove. Females without scopae, and pollen carried internally, pygidial plate absent. All species nesting in pre-formed blind tunnels in plant material, with cells in a linear series, separated by cellophane-like partitions.
Genus Hylaeus. Maculae yellow, or pale yellow, metasoma black. Nest entrance open while nest is being provisioned, and after construction completed closed with cellophane membrane.
Subgenus Prosopisteron. 2nd submarginal cell about 1/2 as long as the 1st or less. Apart from small yellow, or pale yellow maculations, body black. About 75 species distributed throughout Australia including Tasmania, New Guinea, and New Zealand, and the Australian Hylaeus perhumilis has been taken in southernmost South Africa. 8 species in New Zealand, 2 of which, H. asperithorax and H. perhumilis, are conspecific with the same species in Australia.
Genus Hyleoides. Females with maculae on face and metasomal terga orange, males with facial macula yellow, metasomal tergal maculae orange. 8 species in Australia including Tasmania, 1 of which, Hyleoides concinna, is also found in New Zealand.
Subfamily Euryglossinae. Both sexes with few hairs. Body black, without maculae. Forewing with 2 submarginal cells. Anterior face of 1st metasomal tergum concave, with longitudinal median groove. Females without scopae, and pollen carried internally, pygidial plate present. Nests constructed in pre-formed tunnels in wood. Distributed in Australia including Tasmania, with 4 species captured in New Caledonia, 1 specimen collected in South Africa, and 1 species established in New Zealand.
Genus Euryglossina. Clypeus of females sloping inward at a distinct angle to the supraclypeus. 1st submarginal cell of forewing more than 2× as long as 2nd.
Subgenus Euryglossina. Labrum of females without median apical spine. Costal margin of the marginal cell of the forewing about as long as the stigma, and claws simple. About 54 described species and various undescribed species from all Australian states, with 1 specimen collected in South Africa, and 1 species, Euryglossina proctotrypoides, established in New Zealand. In New Zealand nests are apparently formed in tunnels in wood made by small beetles.
Family Halictidae
Glossa acute. Labrum of females with a strong apical process with a dorsal keel, the apical process fringed with coarse bristles. 1 subantennal suture extends from the lower margin of the antennal socket to the upper margin of the clypeus. The propodeal triangle is naked. Forewing with 3 submarginal cells. Females with pollen-carrying scopae on the propodeum and metalegs. Females with or without pseudopygidium on 5th metasomal tergum, and with pygidium on 6th metasomal tergum. Males with a yellow macula on the lower area of the clypeus and metasomal terga black, or clypeus black and metasomal terga 1–5 with bright yellow-green on posterior margins. At least 1 species is solitary and at least 1 species has some form of social organisation. All species are ground-nesting, sometimes forming very large aggregations of nests. Cells are not lined with cellophane-like material, each is at the end of a tunnel or chamber, and cell provisions are firm, with the egg deposited on the surface.
Subfamily Nomiinae. Apex of marginal cell of the forewing rounded, and all wing veins strong. Females without obvious pseudopygidium. Metasomal sterna 7 and 8 of males large and distinct. Both sexes with yellow-green metatergal bands.
Genus Nomia. Both sexes with yellow-green posterior margins to metasomal terga 1–4 (females) or 1–5 (males).
Subgenus Acunomia. Outer hind tibial spur of females sharply bent preapically and preapical tooth minute. Males with large pale extension to metatibia. About 33 species from much of the world except Europe, South America, and Australia. 1 species, Nomia melanderi, introduced to New Zealand from its home range in western North America, for pollination of lucerne. Nests are excavated only in saline soils, with a vertical clear tunnel extending to a close cluster of cells, each of which is accessed individually. Provisions are firm, with the egg deposited on the surface.
Subfamily Halictinae. Apex of marginal cell of forewing pointed. Females with obvious pseudopygidium. Metasomal sternum 7 of males small and weakly sclerotised, and almost fused to metasomal sternum 8. Both sexes with metaterga black.
Tribe Halictini. 3rd submarginal crossvein weak. Male genitalia with retrorse lobe.
Genus Lasioglossum. Metasoma oval in cross section. Female with pollen-carrying scopae laterally on the propodeum and on the metalegs.
Subgenus Austrevylaeus. 2nd submarginal crossvein in forewing of both sexes weaker than 1st. Inner hind tibial spur of female finely ciliate. Six species have been described from Australia, 13 others are known there, and 3 occur in New Zealand. Nests are excavated in the ground, and cells are at the ends of branch tunnels. Stores are firm, with the egg deposited on top.
Subgenus Chilalictus. 2nd submarginal crossvein in forewing of both sexes as strong as 1st. Inner hind tibial spur of female pectinate. Present throughout Australia with 134 species, 1 of which also occurs in New Caledonia, and 1 other of which, Lasioglossum cognatum, also occurs in New Zealand. The only nest known in New Zealand was a near horizontal tunnel in a sandstone cliff, with cells on each side.
Family Megachilidae
Glossa acute, long. Labrum longer than wide. Forewing with 2 submarginal cells. Females with scopa on metasomal sterna, metatibia without scopa. Nests constructed in pre-existing cavities, mostly in plant material, using leaf material or plant hairs. Cells in a linear series, so the first made is at the bottom of the nest tunnel, or in larger cavities, arranged irregularly. Provisions semiliquid, with the egg laid on top.
Subfamily Megachilinae. Subantennal suture directed towards outer margin of the antennal socket. The 2 submarginal cells in the forewing of roughly equal length. Sternal scopa strong. Metaleg of females without long hairs. Female mandible with 4 - 6 teeth.
Tribe Osmiini. Body metallic blue or brassy. Arolia present. Apex of metasomal tergum 6 of males without teeth.
Genus Osmia. Parapsidal line punctiform. Metasomal sternum 2 of males enlarged, covering most of metasomal sternum 3.
Subgenus Helicosmia. Females with 4 tufts of orange hairs beneath the clypeal margin. Males with metasomal tergum 7 bidentate. Cell partitions are made of chewed leaf material. 81 species distributed over much of the northern hemisphere. 1 species, Osmia coerulescens, introduced into New Zealand from Italy and Yugoslavia as a potential manageable pollinator of tetraploid red clover. Adults overwinter in the natal cells.
Tribe Anthidiini. Body with numerous yellow maculae. Arolia absent. Apex of metasomal tergum 7 of males with 3 large spines.
Genus Anthidium. Females with small median notch in posterior margin of metasomal tergum 6. Metasomal sternum 8 of males longer than broad.
Subgenus Anthidium. Both sexes with yellow transverse bands on metasomal terga broken medially. Females with strong outer ridge on mandible. Males with apex of metasoma curved downwards. Cells embedded in fine plant fibres from leaves and stems. About 75 species distributed over all the continents except Australia, and also absent from the Indo-Malayan tropics. 1 species, Anthidium manicatum, originally from Europe, recently adventive in New Zealand from an extended range including towards Siberia, parts of North and South America, and the Canary Islands.
Tribe Megachilini. Body black, not metallic. Arolia absent. Apex of metasomal tergum 6 of males with tooth-like projections.
Genus Megachile. Females with scopa present on metasomal sterna 2–6, metasoma not tapering throughout its length. Males with posterior lobe of pronotum with weak transverse ridge.
Subgenus Eutricharaea. Female mandible with only 1 complete cutting edge, metasomal sterna with white apical fasciae under the scopa. Male mandible with 3 apical teeth and a ventral projection, procoxa with spine, and protarsi not pale and not expanded. Cells are made of pieces of leaf. Well over 236 species recognised from the Palaearctic, African, Oriental, and Australian areas. One species, Megachile rotundata, introduced to New Zealand from North America for pollination of lucerne seed crops.
Family Apidae
Glossa acute, long. Labrum wider than long. Forewing with 3 submarginal cells. Females with corbicula on metatibia, except for parasitic forms and queens of fully social species. Nests constructed in pre-existing cavities. 2 female castes, queen and worker present in nests, with only the queen mated. Nests of multiple cells side-by-side or many nearly so. Larvae fed progressively.
Subfamily Apinae. Females without pygidial plate. Integument black to pale yellow, but without maculae.
Tribe Bombini. Compound eyes naked. Mandible with teeth and carinae. Hind tibial spurs present, arolia small. Male with genital capsule sclerotised. Cells of nest vertical or nearly so.
Genus Bombus. Females with corbicula on metatibia. Both sexes and worker caste with transverse bands of black, lemon yellow, dull yellow, orange-yellow or orange vestiture on body, or vestiture black and yellow-green.
Subgenus Bombus. Malar space shortest of bumble bees in New Zealand. Females with corbicular surface of metatibia entirely bare and shining, and clypeus strongly punctured on almost whole surface. Penis valve of male in form of wide sinuate vertical plate. 10 species, ranging over most of the Northern Hemisphere. 1 species, Bombus terrestris, introduced to New Zealand from England.
Subgenus Megabombus. Malar space and tongue the longest of bumble bees in New Zealand. Females with 1st flagellar segment a little shorter than combined lengths of 2nd and 3rd segments. Males with anterior lower corner of gonostylus produced upward as sharp spike. 14 species ranging over the Old World and also North Africa. 2 species, Bombus hortorum and B. ruderatus, introduced to New Zealand from England.
Subgenus Subterraneobombus. Malar space and tongue length less than that of Megabombus, but much more than that of Bombus (Bombus). Females with inner dorsal apical angle of metatibia sharp. Penis valve of males somewhat hooked inward, with 2 large teeth on outer side. 9 species ranging across the Holarctic. 1 species, Bombus subterraneus, introduced to New Zealand.
Tribe Apini. Compound eyes hairy. Mandible without teeth and carinae. Hind tibial spurs absent, arolia present. Males with genitalia membranous. Worker and male cells of nest more or less horizontal.
Genus Apis. Cells of nest hexagonal, except natal cells of queens acorn-shaped. Colonies permanent, and possessing a dance and odour ‘language’. About 11 species, historically found throughout Africa, Europe, Asia, and areas north of Australia, but not Australia, New Zealand, or the New World. One species in New Zealand, Apis mellifera, introduced first from England but then other introductions from many areas.