FNZ 51 - Coccidae males (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea) - Prepupae, morphology
Hodgson, CJ; Henderson, RC 2004. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea): adult males, pupae and prepupae of indigenous species. Fauna of New Zealand 51, 228 pages.
(
ISSN 0111-5383 (print),
;
no.
51.
ISBN 0-478-09360-8 (print),
).
Published 22 Jun 2004
ZooBank: http://zoobank.org/References/85A2C19D-CA28-4C43-9B7C-BABE3D5DFCE8
Prepupae, morphology
Unmounted prepupa nearly cylindrical in shape, some species rather pointed at both ends, others rather blunt (note that all descriptions below were made from flattened mounted specimens). Division into head, thorax, and abdomen (Fig. 121) usually reasonably clear although segmentation often obscure except on abdomen. Derm membranous, with small dermal spinules, more or less rounded on dorsum but more spine-like on venter. Spiracular disc-pores usually present (absent on I. patella and P. cuneatus , Fig. 131, 139); all other ducts and pores absent; setae few and minute unless otherwise stated.
Head : lacking mouthparts and simple eyes. With a pair of shortish antennae directed posteriorly, usually just reaching anterior spiracles; 10-segmented, segmentation often obscure; usually with 1-3 short fleshy fingers on apex, these probably incipient capitate setae; basal segments usually slightly sclerotised; antennal length to total body length ratio generally between 1:3.8-1:4.4, but with a few rather shorter, up to 1:4.6. Setae: usually with 1-3 pairs of minute setae medially on dorsal surface, 1-3 medially and anteriorly on ventral surface, and with a group of 1-5 medially just posterior to each scape. Sclerotised yokelike structure present ventrally on P. cuneatus .
Thorax : with 3 pairs of short legs, their segmentation usually more or less visible, coxa and trochanter generally somewhat sclerotised; anterior pair almost straight, directed anteriorly and barely reaching scape; other two pairs directed posteriorly; each with a small triangular "finger" on apex, probably an incipient claw (Fig. 121). With a short wing-bud on each side, rarely extending posteriorly past metacoxae; ratio of width to length usually 1:0.34-1:0.43, but those of C. ornata and Umbonichiton species 1:31 or less, and those of C. ornatella broader (1:0.45). With 2 pairs of spiracles, anterior pair (mesothoracic) just post-erior to procoxae and posterior pair (metathoracic) just posterior to mesocoxae; anterior pair almost invariably with spiracular disc-pores, number and distribution of disc-pores probably of taxonomic significance, varying from none on I. patella and P. cuneatus to 17 on A. pubens (Fig. 131, 139, 124); number of loculi in each disc-pore highly variable, from 1-15+ (Fig. 121); disc-pores usually absent from posterior spiracles but, if present, few and probably of taxonomic significance (9 disc-pores on K. depressa (Fig. 132)). Setae: ventrally, usually with a single seta mesad and just posterior to each procoxa, and mesad and anterior to each meso- and metacoxa , but with 4 or 5 on P. dacrydii (Fig. 138); dorsally with three pairs, one pair medially on prothorax, and others dorsad to each meso- and metacoxa.
Abdomen : segmentation usually visible, anteriormost segment ventrally considered to represent segment II, so that there are 7 visible segments (segments II to VIII) on venter anterior to penial sheath. Setae: with pairs of minute dorsal abdominal setae medially on segments V to VII (more on P. cuneatus , Fig. 139); with pairs of minute ventral abdominal setae on segments II-VII, although occasionally there may be 2 pairs on some segments (always 2 pairs on P. cuneatus and P. dacrydii ); usually with a pair of dorsopleural setae on each side of segments III-VI, but more frequent and arranged along margin rather than segmentally on C. ornata , C. ornatella and I. patella (Fig. 126, 127, 131); and with single minute ventropleural seta on each side of segments II-VI. Segment VII with a pair of lobes, which may be short and rounded, as on C. ornata , C. ornatella, and I. patella (Fig. 126, 127, 131), or long (up to 2´ length of penial sheath) and pointed, as on Aphenochiton species, K. depressa (Fig. 132), and some Umbonichiton species; each lobe with 1-3 dorsopleural setae, which may be short or long, fleshy or flagellate, but usually with at least 1 long seta on each apex (number and distribution of these setae may be of taxonomic significance); also each lobe usually with 1 minute ventropleural seta. Segment VIII generally with small pair of lobes dorsally on either side of base of penial sheath: when present, usually membranous and found at base of penial sheath (best developed on K. depressa , P. flavus and P. cuneatus (Fig. 132, 136, 139), on which they are slightly sclerotised, or reduced or absent, as on U. adelus (Fig. 140); when present, usually with 1 or more setae, which are small to minute (5 rather long setae on P. flavus and P. cuneatus , Fig. 136, 139). Segment VIII with a pair of setae medially (considered here to be homologous with ante-anal setae of adult males) present or absent (presence or absence of these setae may be of taxonomic significance). Triangular, sclerotised penial sheath present medially on posterior end of abdomen; usually shorter than lobes of segment VII (longer on C. ornata , C. ornatella and I. patella , Fig. 126, 127, 131) and usually about as long as broad but highly variable between species (ratio length to width varying from 1:0.79-1:1.5 (the latter P. flavus , Fig.136 , which has a particularly narrow penial sheath); usually with line of minute pores around margin near apex, genital opening medially on ventral surface (not always visible) and with 1 or 2 pairs of minute setae (although these usually appear as white spots) on dorsal surface. Anus located just anterior to penial sheath dorsally but often not visible (and probably non-functional), possibly representing segment IX.
Comment . The taxonomic significance of these characters is unclear as few coccid prepupae have been studied. The figures and descriptions have been made from mounted specimens and so the near cylindrical shape has been flattened and the membranous derm may have shrunk, especially on the abdomen (this would be particularly significant with regard to the lengths of the lobes on abdominal segment VII). In addition, the absence of some minute setae on the dorsum and venter in the figures simply means that they could not be found and does not mean that they are necessarily absent. The presence or absence of disc-pores near the posterior spiracles may also be a bit variable - some specimens had 1 or 2 on one side and none on the other side; on the other hand, where several specimens have been studied and none found, their absence is then thought to be normal for that species.
Note that care is needed when there is a pharate pupa present, as the characters of the pupa show through and might be thought to be prepupal. This is particularly important when counting spiracular disc-pores as it is easy to count the prepupal and pupal pores together.