FNZ 51 - Coccidae males (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea) - Pupae, introduction
Hodgson, CJ; Henderson, RC 2004. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea): adult males, pupae and prepupae of indigenous species. Fauna of New Zealand 51, 228 pages.
(
ISSN 0111-5383 (print),
;
no.
51.
ISBN 0-478-09360-8 (print),
).
Published 22 Jun 2004
ZooBank: http://zoobank.org/References/85A2C19D-CA28-4C43-9B7C-BABE3D5DFCE8
Pupae, introduction
Introduction . The pupae of only 13 soft scale species have been described previously, namely: Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus Green (Sankaran 1962); Etiennea montrichardiae (Newstead); E. petasus Hodgson, and E. sinetuberculum Hodgson (Hodgson 1993); Eulecanium kunoense (Kuwana) (Husseiny & Madsen 1962); E. tiliae (L.) (Kawecki 1958); Neolecanium cornuparvum (Thro) (Ray & Williams 1983); Parafairmairia gracilis Green (Koteja & Rosciszewska 1970); Pseudophilippia quaintancii Cockerell (Ray & Williams 1980); Pseudopulvinaria sikkimensis Atkinson (Hodgson 1991); Rhodococcus luberonensis Foldi & Kozár (Foldi et al . 2001); Prionococcus americanus Williams, Hodgson & Danzig (Williams et al . 2002); and Pharangococcus iquitensis Hodgson & Matile-Ferrero (Hodgson & Matile-Ferrero 2003). Lichtensia viburni Signoret was included by Williams (1997), but this was almost certainly an error. None of the above species is present in New Zealand.
Below are described a further 27 pupae, all indigenous to New Zealand. As with the prepupae discussed later, the significance of differences in the character-states of any given character remains to be ascertained with confidence.
The main differences between the pupal and prepupal stages are the greater development of the antennae, wing-buds and legs on the pupa, where the prothoracic legs extend around anterior to the head and the penial sheath is larger in comparison with the lobes of abdominal segment VII than on prepupae (compare Fig. 93 and 121).
Important taxonomic characters
As with the prepupae (described in Part 3) and adult males, the characters of the pupae appear to offer reasonably strong support for the generic divisions Hodgson & Henderson (2000) introduced based entirely on adult female characters. There were rather more pupae available than there were prepupae, both in terms of species and of specimens. From this material, the features which are here considered important as taxonomic characters of pupae are:
- basic size (small on Lecanochiton and moderate to large in the other genera);
- number and distribution of the spiracular disc-pores associated with the anterior spiracles - usually in a broad crescent anterolaterally to the peritreme, but occasionally forming a line laterad to peritreme (as on Kalasiris depressa ) or extending a long way mesad to the muscle plate (as on Plumichiton species);
- shape and size of the lobes on abdominal segment VII: these are generally approximately triangular and about 1/2 the length of the penial sheath, but are short and rounded on the ornata -group of Crystallotesta and are particularly long and pointed on Kalasiris depressa ;
- frequency of dorsal and ventral abdominal setae: generally with a single pair of small setae dorsally on segments V-VII and a pair of small ventral setae on II-VII, many species with an occasional 2nd pair on some segments; however, Pounamococcus species have 1 or 2 pairs dorsally on all abdominal segments and 2 pairs ventrally;
- size and distribution of the dorsopleural setae, particularly on segment VII: fleshy and in a line on the ornata -group, otherwise generally segmentally arranged, with 2 (rarely 3) setae on each side per segment on the remaining species;
- size and arrangement of the setae on the apex of the lobes of abdominal segment VII - setae probably absent on the apex on Inglisia patella , and long on Ctenochiton species;
- presence or absence and the size of lobes and setae on abdominal segment VIII - apparently absent on Inglisia patella , but as large as the lobes of segment VII on Pounamococcus species;
- presence or absence of ante-anal setae on segment VIII;
- size and shape of the penial sheath, particularly in relation to the length of the lobes on segment VII;
- presence of pairs of setae and their size on the dorsal surface of the penial sheath - quite large on Pounamococcus species, minute on Ctenochiton and Plumichiton species.
The presence or absence of spiracular disc-pores associated with the posterior spiracle appears not to be very constant and may not be a useful character (indeed, on some species they are apparently present on the prepupae of some species and absent on the pupae, e.g., Crystallotesta ornata and Kalasiris depressa ). Another character that varies between the prepupae and pupae is the presence or absence of ante-anal setae. These are absent on a number of prepupae, despite being present on the pupae (e.g., some Aphenochiton species, Kalasiris species, and Umbonichiton species); it is worth noting that there are no species where they are present on the prepupae but absent on the pupae. Some characters show constancy between the two stages; thus, the distribution of the spiracular disc-pores is very similar, with, for instance, those of P. flavus extending a long way medially past the inner margin of the muscle plate and those of K. depressa extending a long way laterad of the peritreme on both the prepupae and pupae.