FNZ 51 - Coccidae males (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea) - Pupae, morphology
Hodgson, CJ; Henderson, RC 2004. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea): adult males, pupae and prepupae of indigenous species. Fauna of New Zealand 51, 228 pages.
(
ISSN 0111-5383 (print),
;
no.
51.
ISBN 0-478-09360-8 (print),
).
Published 22 Jun 2004
ZooBank: http://zoobank.org/References/85A2C19D-CA28-4C43-9B7C-BABE3D5DFCE8
Pupae, morphology
Unmounted pupa cylindrical in shape, rounded at each end.
Mounted specimens elongate oval, sometimes rather pointed at each end (note that, as all descriptions were made from mounted specimens, their shape will be different from that in life). Division into head, thorax, and abdomen (Fig. 93) usually clear, although segmentation often obscure apart from on abdomen. Derm membranous, with small dermal spinules. All ducts and pores, except spiracular disc-pores, absent and setae few.
Head : lacking mouthparts and simple eyes. With pair of moderately long antennae pointing posteriorly, usually at least reaching mesocoxae (ratio of antennal length to total body length usually between 1:1.7-2.3 - exceptionally 1:1.5 (e.g., P. cuneatus ) and 1:2.5 (e.g., Ctenochiton chelyon and C. paraviridis ); with 10 segments but segmentation often obscure; often with 1-3 short fleshy fingers, probably incipient capitate setae, plus a single sensilla basiconica, apparent on apex; basal segments usually slightly to moderately sclerotised. A yokelike structure present posteroventrally on Pounamococcus cuneatus (Fig. 116). Setae: usually with 1-3 pairs of minute setae medially on dorsal surface (more on P. cuneatus ), 1-3 pairs on anterior ventral surface, and with a group of 1-5 (more on P. cuneatus (Fig. 116)) medially just posterior to each scape.
Thorax : unsclerotised, segmentation usually apparent. With three pairs of moderately well-developed legs; segmentation usually clear; coxa and trochanter generally showing some sclerotisation; prothoracic legs C-shaped, directed anteriorly and curving round in front of anterior margin of head; metathoracic legs extending posteriorly to about abdominal segment VI or VII; coxae with 1 or 2 minute setae; tarsal campaniform pores absent; each with a small triangular finger on apex, probably an incipient claw. With a pair of long wing-buds on either side, extending to about abdominal segment III, becoming mildly sclerotised; ratio length to width usually between 1:0.35-1:0.41 (exceptionally 1:31 on Lecanochiton actites ; and 1:44 on Aphenochiton subtilis and Epelidochiton piperis ). With 2 pairs of spiracles; mesothoracic pair just posterior and laterad to procoxae and metathoracic pair just posterior and laterad to mesocoxae; mesothoracic pair usually with spiracular disc-pores, whose number and distribution probably of taxonomic significance, varying from none on Inglisia patella (Fig. 107) to over 30 on some specimens of Kalasiris perforata and Plumichiton flavus (but see comments under A. subtilis ; Fig. 98, 109, 112); number of loculi in each disc-pore highly variable, from 1 to 15+; disc-pores usually absent from posterior spiracles but, if present (some specimens of A. subtilis , C. chelyon , K. perforata, L. actites, and L. scutellaris , Fig. 98, 109, 110, 111) probably of taxonomic significance. Setae: ventral: usually with a single seta mesad and just posterior to each procoxa, and mesad and anterior to each meso- and metacoxa; dorsal: three pairs, with one pair medially on prothorax, and with a pair dorsad to each meso- and metacoxa.
Abdomen : segmentation usually distinct, anteriormost segment on venter considered to represent segment II and therefore 7 segments visible (segments II-VIII) ventrally anterior to penial sheath. Setae: with pairs of small dorsal abdominal setae medially on segments V to VII (all segments on Pounamococcus spp. (Fig. 116, 117)); with pairs of small ventral abdominal setae on segments II-VII, although occasionally there may be 2 pairs on some segments (2 pairs on all segments on Pounamococcus species); whilst usually small, those on segment VII are sometimes longer, as on Aphenochiton matai (Fig. 96); usually with a pair of dorsopleural setae on each side of segments III-VI, often with 1 long seta and 1 short seta (but more frequent and not arranged segmentally on Crystallotesta ornata, C. ornatella and I. patella , Fig. 101, 102, 107); and with single minute ventropleural seta usually present on each side of segments III to VII. Segment VII with a pair of lateral membranous lobes (sclerotised on P. cuneatus ), which may be short and rounded, as on C. ornata , C. ornatella and I. patella (Fig.101, 102, 107), or long (subequal to or longer than penial sheath) and pointed (particularly long on Kalasiris depressa , Fig. 108 on which they are longer than penial sheath); each lobe with 1-4 dorsopleural setae, which may be short or long, fleshy or flagellate, but usually with at least 1 long seta on each apex (number and distribution of these setae may be of taxonomic significance); also each lobe usually with one minute ventropleural seta. Segment VIII with or without a pair of lobes: when present, located on either side of base of penial sheath on dorsal surface, generally membranous although slightly sclerotised on a few species, particularly on Pounamococcus spp. (Fig. 116, 117) on which they are subequal in size to lobes of segment VII; when present, usually with 1 or more setae, these largest and best developed when lobes well developed (as on Plumichiton flavus and Pounamococcus spp., Fig. 112, 116, 117). Some genera with a pair of setae medially on tergite VIII just anterior to penial sheath, here considered to be homologous with ante-anal setae of adult males; on some species, ante-anal setae well developed, on others only represented by one to two setal sockets; presence or absence of these setae here considered to be of taxonomic significance. Also with a pair of setae present ventrally on segment VIII on Pounamococcus spp. (Fig. 116, 117). Penial sheath sclerotised, usually longer than lobes of segment VII (except on K. depressa , Fig. 108) and slightly longer than broad (ratio length to breadth usually between 1:5-1:99 but with a few rather longer (e.g., Ctenochiton viridis , Fig. 105) or broader (e.g., P. cuneatus , Fig. 116); usually with two pairs of either minute setae (setae larger on Pounamococcus spp.) or pores (which could be setal sockets without setae) on dorsal surface; genital opening present medially on ventral surface of penial sheath although not always apparent; usually with very few or no dermal spinules but these abundant on I. patella (Fig. 107).
Comment . The taxonomic significance of these characters is uncertain because so few coccid pupae have ever been studied. The figures and descriptions have been made from mounted specimens and so the normal cylindrical shape has been flattened and the membranous derm may have shrunk during preparation, especially on the abdomen (this would be particularly significant with regard to the lengths of the lobes on abdominal segment VII). In addition, the absence of particular minute setae on the dorsum and venter in the figures simply means that they could not be found and does not mean that they are necessarily absent. The presence or absence of disc-pores near the posterior spiracles also appears to be variable - some specimens had 1 or 2 on one side and none on the other (e.g., on some Ctenochiton species); on the other hand, where several specimens have been studied and none found, their absence is then thought to be normal. Note that the presence of pharate males within the pupa can make it very difficult to discern some characters, particularly setal distribution.
The pupae of New Zealand Coccidae fall into 5 groups: the first group contains only Pounamococcus species, which appear to be quite different from the rest, particularly in having pairs of dorsal abdominal setae on all abdominal segments (only V, VI, and VII on other groups), and in the large size of the lobes on abdominal segment VIII.
The second group contains just Inglisia patella , which differs from the remaining species in lacking spiracular disc-pores, having rather small lateral lobes on abdominal segment VII, lacking lobes on segment VIII and in having abundant dermal spinules on the penial sheath.
The third group contains the ornata -group of Crystallotesta ( C. ornata and C. ornatella ) on which the pleural setae on the abdomen form a line of fleshy setae and on which the lobes of abdominal segment VII are short and rounded.
The fourth group contains just Poropeza dacrydii , which has small convex pores, and the lobes of abdominal segment VII are much shorter than the penial sheath, which is very large.
The remaining genera are all in the fifth group and appear to be closely related.