Species list
Nomenclature used in the weeds key follows the most currently accepted names and taxonomic treatments. These names match those accepted in the Landcare Research Ngā Tipu o Aotearoa – New Zealand Plants databases.
- Table 1: Full list of National Pest Plant Accord (NPPA) species in the key, notes and comparisons with the 2012 NPPA manual, and close relatives and similar species.
- Table 2: Partial list of Environmental Weeds in the key, where the names differ from Howell (2008).
Table 1: Full list of NPPA species in the key, notes and comparisons with the 2012 NPPA manual, and close relatives and similar species.
| NPPA species used in key | Notes and comparisons with 2012 NPPA manual | Close relatives | Similar species |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle | Juglans ailantifolia Carrière | ||
| Akebia quinata (Houtt.) Decne. | |||
| Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. | Alternanthera denticulata R.Br. Alternanthera reineckii Briq. Alternanthera nahui Heenan & de Lange |
Ludwigia peploides subsp. montevidensis (Spreng.) P.H.Raven | |
| Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis subsp. cordifolia | Senecio angulatus L.f. | ||
| Araujia hortorum E.Fourn | |||
| Aristea ecklonii Baker | Libertia sessiliflora (syn. L. caerulescens Kunth & Bouché) | ||
| Arundo donax L. | Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Pleioblastus chino (Franch. & Sav.) Makino Pleioblastus hindsii (Munro) Nakai Pleioblastus simonii (Carrière) Nakai Pseudosasa japonica (Siebold & Zucc. ex Steud.) Makino ex Nakai Semiarundinaria fastuosa (Mitford) Makino |
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| Asparagus aethiopicus L. | Asparagus asparagoides (L.) Druce Asparagus aethiopicus 'Meyersii' Asparagus aethiopicus 'Sprengeri' Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus scandens Thunb. Asparagus plumosus Baker |
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| Asparagus asparagoides (L.) Druce | Asparagus aethiopicus L. Asparagus aethiopicus 'Meyersii' Asparagus aethiopicus 'Sprengeri' Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus scandens Thunb. Asparagus plumosus Baker |
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| Asparagus plumosus Baker | Asparagus asparagoides (L.) Druce Asparagus aethiopicus L. Asparagus aethiopicus 'Meyersii' Asparagus aethiopicus 'Sprengeri' Asparagus officinalis L. |
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| Asparagus scandens Thunb. | Asparagus asparagoides (L.) Druce Asparagus aethiopicus L. Asparagus aethiopicus 'Meyersii' Asparagus aethiopicus 'Sprengeri' Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus plumosus Baker |
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| Berberis darwinii Hook. | Berberis glaucocarpa Stapf Berberis ×stenophylla Lindl. |
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| Bomarea multiflora Mirb. | |||
| Bryonia cretica subsp. dioica (Jacq.) Tutin | Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sweet. Sicyos australis Endl. |
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| Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull | Calluna vulgaris - double flowered cultivars | Erica carnea L. | |
| Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sw. | Cardiospermum halicacabum L. | ||
| Cardiospermum halicacabum L. | Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sw. | ||
| Carex pendula Huds. | |||
| Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.Br. | ×Carpophyma mutabilis Heenan & Sykes | Carpobrotus chilensis (Molina) N.E.Br. × Disphyma australe (W.T.Aiton) N.E.Br. Disphyma australe (W.T.Aiton) N.E.Br. |
|
| ×Carpophyma mutabilis Heenan & Sykes | Carpobrotus chilensis (Molina) N.E.Br. × Disphyma australe (W.T.Aiton) N.E.Br. Disphyma australe (W.T.Aiton) N.E.Br. |
Carpobrotus chilensis (Molina) N.E.Br. | |
| Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. | |||
| Cenchrus latifolius (Spreng.) Morrone | In NPPA manual as Cenchrus (all species excluding C. clandestinum [should be C. clandestinus] and C. americanus) | Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone Other Cenchrus spp. |
Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv. Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. |
| Cenchrus longisetus M.C.Johnst. | In NPPA manual as Cenchrus (all species excluding C. clandestinum [should be C. clandestinus] and C. americanus) | Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone Other Cenchrus spp. |
Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv. Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. |
| Cenchrus macrourus (Trin.) Morrone | In NPPA manual as Cenchrus (all species excluding C. clandestinum [should be C. clandestinus] and C. americanus) | Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone Other Cenchrus spp. |
Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv. Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. |
| Cenchrus purpurascens Thunb. | In NPPA manual as Cenchrus (all species excluding C. clandestinum [should be C. clandestinus] and C. americanus) | Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone Other Cenchrus spp. |
Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv. Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. |
| Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone | In NPPA manual as Cenchrus (all species excluding C. clandestinum [should be C. clandestinus] and C. americanus) | Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone Other Cenchrus spp. |
Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv. Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. |
| Cenchrus setaceus (Forssk.) Morrone | In NPPA manual as Cenchrus (all species excluding C. clandestinum [should be C. clandestinus] and C. americanus) | Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone Other Cenchrus spp. |
Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv. Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. |
| Ceratophyllum demersum L. | Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. | ||
| Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl. | Cestrum elegans (Brongn.) Schltdl. Cestrum fasciculatum (Schltdl.) Miers Cestrum fasciculatum 'Newellii' Cestrum nocturnum L. Cestrum parqui L'Hér. Cestrum ×cultum Francey (C. elegans × C. parqui) |
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| Cestrum elegans (Brongn.) Schltdl. | Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl. Cestrum fasciculatum (Schltdl.) Miers Cestrum fasciculatum 'Newellii' Cestrum nocturnum L. Cestrum parqui L'Hér. Cestrum ×cultum Francey (C. elegans × C. parqui) |
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| Cestrum fasciculatum (Schltdl.) Miers | Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl. Cestrum elegans (Brongn.) Schltdl. Cestrum fasciculatum 'Newellii' Cestrum nocturnum L. Cestrum parqui L'Hér. Cestrum ×cultum Francey (C. elegans × C. parqui) |
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| Cestrum fasciculatum 'Newellii' | Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl. Cestrum elegans (Brongn.) Schltdl. Cestrum fasciculatum (Schltdl.) Miers Cestrum nocturnum L. Cestrum parqui L'Hér. Cestrum ×cultum Francey (C. elegans × C. parqui) |
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| Cestrum parqui L'Hér. | Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl. Cestrum elegans (Brongn.) Schltdl. Cestrum fasciculatum (Schltdl.) Miers Cestrum fasciculatum 'Newellii' Cestrum nocturnum L. Cestrum ×cultum Francey (C. elegans × C. parqui) |
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| Chrysanthemoides monilifera (L.) Norl. subsp. monilifera | In NPPA manual as Chrysanthemoides monilifera, but New Zealand plants correspond to C. monilifera subsp. monilifera | ||
| Clematis flammula L. | Clematis montana DC. Clematis paniculata J.F.Gmel. Clematis terniflora DC. Clematis tibetana Kuntze Clematis vitalba L. |
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| Clematis vitalba L. | Clematis flammula L. Clematis montana DC. Clematis paniculata J.F.Gmel. Clematis terniflora DC. Clematis tibetana Kuntze |
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| Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunb. | |||
| Cobaea scandens Cav. | |||
| Cortaderia jubata (Lemoine) Stapf | Austroderia fulvida (Buchanan) N.P.Barker & H.P.Linder Austroderia richardii (Endl.) N.P.Barker & H.P.Linder Austroderia splendens (Connor) N.P.Barker & H.P.Linder Austroderia toetoe (Zotov) N.P.Barker & H.P.Linder Austroderia turbaria (Connor) N.P.Barker & H.P.Linder Cortaderia selloana (Schult. & Schult.f.) Asch. & Graebn. |
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| Cortaderia selloana (Schult. & Schult.f.) Asch. & Graebn. | Austroderia fulvida (Buchanan) N.P.Barker & H.P.Linder Austroderia richardii (Endl.) N.P.Barker & H.P.Linder Austroderia splendens (Connor) N.P.Barker & H.P.Linder Austroderia toetoe (Zotov) N.P.Barker & H.P.Linder Austroderia turbaria (Connor) N.P.Barker & H.P.Linder Cortaderia jubata (Lemoine) Stapf |
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| Cotoneaster simonsii Baker | Cotoneaster franchetii Bois Cotoneaster frigidus 'Cornubia' Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Franch. Cotoneaster pannosus Franch. |
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| Cotyledon orbiculata L. | |||
| Crassula multicava Lem. subsp. multicava | In NPPA manual as Crassula multicava, but New Zealand plants correspond to C. multicava subsp. multicava | Crassula lactea Sol. Crassula sarmentosa Harv. Crassula spathulata Thunb. |
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| Cyathea cooperi (Hook. ex F.Muell.) Domin | In NPPA manual as Cyathea cooperii (typographic error) | Cyathea cunninghamii Hook.f. in Hook. | |
| Dipogon lignosus (L.) Verdc. | Kennedia rubicunda (Schneev.) Vent. | ||
| Drosera capensis L. | Drosera arcturi Hook. | ||
| Eccremocarpus scaber Ruiz & Pav. | Tecomanthe speciosa W.R.B.Oliv. | ||
| Egeria densa Planch. | Elodea canadensis Michx. Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle Lagarosiphon major (Ridl.) Moss ex Wager |
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| Ehrharta villosa (L.f.) Schult. & Schult.f. | |||
| Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms | Pontederia cordata L. | ||
| Eomecon chionantha Hance | Sanguinaria canadensis L. Sanguinaria canadensis 'Plena' |
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| Equisetum arvense L. | In NPPA manual as Equisetum (all species) | other Equisetum spp. | Baloskion tetraphyllum (Labill.) B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson Elegia capensis (Burm.f.) Schelpe |
| Equisetum fluviatile L. | In NPPA manual as Equisetum (all species) | other Equisetum spp. | Baloskion tetraphyllum (Labill.) B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson Elegia capensis (Burm.f.) Schelpe |
| Equisetum hyemale L. | In NPPA manual as Equisetum (all species) | other Equisetum spp. | Baloskion tetraphyllum (Labill.) B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson Elegia capensis (Burm.f.) Schelpe |
| Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees | |||
| Erigeron karvinskianus DC. | |||
| Euonymus japonicus Thunb. | Includes cultivars of the species | Euonymus europaeus L. | |
| Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decraene | Fallopia sachalinensis (F.Schmidt) Ronse Decr. Fallopia ×bohemica |
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| Fallopia sachalinensis (F.Schmidt) Ronse Decr. | Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decraene Fallopia ×bohemica |
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| Fallopia ×bohemica (Chrtek & Chrtková) J.P.Bailey (F. japonica × sachalinensis) | Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decraene Fallopia sachalinensis |
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| Ficus rubiginosa Vent. | Ficus macrophylla Desf. ex Pers. | ||
| Fuchsia boliviana Carrière | The species typically has red flowers; the white flowered form mentioned in the NPPA manual is probably Fuchsia boliviana 'Alba' | Fuchsia denticulata Ruiz & Pav. Fuchsia fulgens Moc. & Sessé ex DC. Fuchsia triphylla L. |
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| Gunnera tinctoria (Molina) Mirb. | Gunnera manicata Linden ex André | Rheum palmatum L. | |
| Gymnocoronis spilanthoides (Don) DC. | Veronica americana Benth. | ||
| Hedychium flavescens Roscoe | Hedychium coccineum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. Hedychium gardnerianum Ker Gawl. |
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| Hedychium gardnerianum Ker Gawl. | Hedychium coccineum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. Hedychium flavescens Roscoe |
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| Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier | Heracleum sphondylium L. | ||
| Hieracium argillaceum group | In 2008 NPPA manual as Hieracium (all species). All Hieracium should probably also have been included in the 2012 manual | other Hieraceum and Pilosella spp. | Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. Hypochaeris radicata L. Leontodon taraxacoides (Vill.) Mérat Microseris scapigera (Sol. ex A.Cunn.) Sch.Bip. Taraxacum magellanicum Sch.Bip. |
| Hieracium lepidulum (Stenstr.) Omang | All Hieracium should probably have been included in the 2012 manual, not just H. lepidulum | other Hieraceum and Pilosella spp. | Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. Hypochaeris radicata L. Leontodon taraxacoides (Vill.) Mérat Microseris scapigera (Sol. ex A.Cunn.) Sch.Bip. Taraxacum magellanicum Sch.Bip. |
| Hieracium murorum L. | In 2008 NPPA manual as Hieracium (all species). All Hieracium should probably also have been included in the 2012 manual | other Hieraceum and Pilosella spp. | Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. Hypochaeris radicata L. Leontodon taraxacoides (Vill.) Mérat Microseris scapigera (Sol. ex A.Cunn.) Sch.Bip. Taraxacum magellanicum Sch.Bip. |
| Hieracium pollichiae Sch.Bip. | In 2008 NPPA manual as Hieracium (all species). All Hieracium should probably also have been included in the 2012 manual | other Hieraceum and Pilosella spp. | Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. Hypochaeris radicata L. Leontodon taraxacoides (Vill.) Mérat Microseris scapigera (Sol. ex A.Cunn.) Sch.Bip. Taraxacum magellanicum Sch.Bip. |
| Hieracium sabaudum L. | In 2008 NPPA manual as Hieracium (all species). All Hieracium should probably also have been included in the 2012 manual | other Hieraceum and Pilosella spp. | Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. Hypochaeris radicata L. Leontodon taraxacoides (Vill.) Mérat Microseris scapigera (Sol. ex A.Cunn.) Sch.Bip. Taraxacum magellanicum Sch.Bip. |
| Homalanthus populifolius Graham | Homalanthus polyandrus (Müll.Arg.) Cheeseman | ||
| Houttuynia cordata Thunb. | Houttuynia cordata 'Chameleon' | Saururus cernuus L. | |
| Houttuynia cordata 'Chameleon' | The cultivar covers plants with variegated leaves that are cream, bronze, scarlet and green | Houttuynia cordata Thunb. | Saururus cernuus L. |
| Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle | Egeria densa Planch. Elodea canadensis Michx. Lagarosiphon major (Ridl.) Moss ex Wager |
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| Hydrocleys nymphoides (Humb. & Bonpl.) Buchenau | Ottelia ovalifolia (R.Br.) Rich. | ||
| Hypericum androsaemum L. | Hypericum ×inodorum Mill. Hypericum calycinum L. Hypericum henryi H.Lév. & Vaniot subsp. henryi Hypericum kouytchense H.Lév. |
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| Ipomoea indica (Burman) Merr. | Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth |
Calystegia sepium subsp. roseata sens. lat. | |
| Iris pseudacorus L. | Iris ensata Thunb. Iris laevigata Fisch. & C.A.Mey. |
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| Jasminum humile L. | Jasminum mesnyi Hance | ||
| Juglans ailantifolia Carrière | Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle | ||
| Kennedia rubicunda (Schneev.) Vent. | |||
| Lagarosiphon major (Ridl.) Moss ex Wager | Egeria densa Planch. Elodea canadensis Michx. Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle |
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| Lamium galeobdolon 'Variegatum' | All naturalised material is referable to cultivar 'Variegatum' | Lamium maculatum L. | |
| Lantana camara L. | In NPPA manual as Lantana camara (all varieties). The varieties in New Zealand are poorly-defined | Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. | |
| Ligustrum lucidum W.T.Aiton | Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. | Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.S.Pres. Nestegis cunninghamii (Hook.f.) L.A.S.Johnson |
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| Lilium formosanum A.Wallace | Lilium regale E.H.Wilson | ||
| Lonicera japonica Thunb. | There are several hybrids and cultivars of Lonicera japonica in cultivation | Lonicera ×americana (Mill.) K.Koch Lonicera periclymenum L. |
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| Ludwigia peploides subsp. montevidensis (Spreng.) P.H.Raven | Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. | ||
| Lythrum salicaria L. | Lythrum virgatum L. - and its cultivars (L. virgatum 'Dropmore Purple', L. virgatum 'Rose Queen') | ||
| Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) A.H.Gentry | |||
| Maytenus boaria Molina | |||
| Megathyrsus maximus var. pubiglumis (K.Schum) B.K.Simon & S.W.L.Jacobs | Megathyrsus maximus var. pubiglumis is probably the only variety in New Zealand | Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. Panicum schinzii Hack. |
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| Menyanthes trifoliata L. | |||
| Moraea flaccida (Sweet) Steud. | |||
| Myoporum insulare R.Br. | In NPPA manual as Myoporum insulare (and hybrids) | Myoporum laetum G.Forst. | |
| Myrica faya Aiton | Myrica pensylvanica Mirb. in Duhamel | ||
| Myricaria germanica (L.) Desv. | Tamarix chinensis Lour. | ||
| Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. | Myriophyllum robustum Hook.f. | Ceratophyllum demersum L. | |
| Nassella neesiana (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth | other Nassella spp. | Austrostipa nitida (Summerh. & C.E.Hubb.) S.W.L.Jacobs & J.Everett Austrostipa nodosa (S.T.Blake) S.W.L.Jacobs & J.Everett Austrostipa scabra (Lindl.) S.W.L.Jacobs & J.Everett Austrostipa stipoides (Hook.f.) S.W.L.Jacobs & J.Everett Festuca novae-zelandiae (Hack.) Cockayne |
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| Nassella tenuissima (Trin.) Barkworth | other Nassella spp. | Austrostipa nitida (Summerh. & C.E.Hubb.) S.W.L.Jacobs & J.Everett Austrostipa nodosa (S.T.Blake) S.W.L.Jacobs & J.Everett Austrostipa scabra (Lindl.) S.W.L.Jacobs & J.Everett Austrostipa stipoides (Hook.f.) S.W.L.Jacobs & J.Everett Festuca novae-zelandiae (Hack.) Cockayne |
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| Nassella trichotoma (Nees) Hack. ex Arechav. | other Nassella spp. | Austrostipa nitida (Summerh. & C.E.Hubb.) S.W.L.Jacobs & J.Everett Austrostipa nodosa (S.T.Blake) S.W.L.Jacobs & J.Everett Austrostipa scabra (Lindl.) S.W.L.Jacobs & J.Everett Austrostipa stipoides (Hook.f.) S.W.L.Jacobs & J.Everett Festuca novae-zelandiae (Hack.) Cockayne |
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| Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C.Presl | Nephrolepis falcata (Cav.) C.Chr. Nephrolepis flexuosa Colenso Nephrolepis hirsutula (G.Forst.) C.Presl |
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| Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. | |||
| Nymphaea mexicana Zucc. | Nymphaea alba L. Nymphaea - hardy cultivars and hybrids (e.g., N. 'Marliacea Chromatella', N. 'Sulphurea', N. tuberosa 'Escarboucle') |
Nymphoides geminata (R.Br.) Kuntze Nymphoides peltata (S.G.Gmel.) Kuntze |
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| Nymphoides geminata (R.Br.) Kuntze | Nymphoides peltata (S.G.Gmel.) Kuntze | Nymphaea mexicana Zucc. | |
| Nymphoides peltata (S.G.Gmel.) Kuntze | Nymphoides geminata (R.Br.) Kuntze | Nymphaea alba L. | |
| Ochna serrulata (Hochst.) Walp. | |||
| Osmunda regalis L. | |||
| Passiflora apetala Killip | |||
| Passiflora caerulea L. | Passiflora edulis Sims | ||
| Passiflora tarminiana Coppens & V.E.Barney | Passiflora ×rosea (H.Karst.) Killip Passiflora pinnatistipula Cav. Passiflora tripartita (Juss.) Poir. var. tripartita Passiflora tripartita var. azuayensis Holm-Niels. & P.Jørg. Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima (Kunth) Holm-Niels. & P.Jørg. |
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| Passiflora tripartita var. azuayensis Holm-Niels. & P.Jørg. | In NPPA manual as Passiflora tripartita (all varieties). There are two varieties in New Zealand; P. tripartita var. tripartita is absent | Passiflora ×rosea (H.Karst.) Killip Passiflora pinnatistipula Cav. Passiflora tarminiana Coppens & V.E.Barney Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima (Kunth) Holm-Niels. & P.Jørg. |
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| Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima (Kunth) Holm-Niels. & P.Jørg. | In NPPA manual as Passiflora tripartita (all varieties). There are two varieties in New Zealand; P. tripartita var. tripartita is absent | Passiflora ×rosea (H.Karst.) Killip Passiflora pinnatistipula Cav. Passiflora tarminiana Coppens & V.E.Barney Passiflora tripartita var. azuayensis Holm-Niels. & P.Jørg. |
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| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. | Arundo donax L. Pleioblastus chino (Franch. & Sav.) Makino Pleioblastus hindsii (Munro) Nakai Pleioblastus simonii (Carrière) Nakai Pseudosasa japonica (Siebold & Zucc. ex Steud.) Makino ex Nakai Semiarundinaria fastuosa (Mitford) Makino |
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| Pilosella aurantiaca subsp. carpathicola (Nägeli & Peter) Soják | other Hieraceum and Pilosella spp. | Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. Hypochaeris radicata L. Leontodon taraxacoides (Vill.) Mérat Microseris scapigera (Sol. ex A.Cunn.) Sch.Bip. Taraxacum magellanicum Sch.Bip. |
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| Pilosella caespitosa (Dumort.) P.D.Sell & C.West | Not named in the NPPA manual but covered under Pilosella (all species) | other Hieraceum and Pilosella spp. | Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. Hypochaeris radicata L. Leontodon taraxacoides (Vill.) Mérat Microseris scapigera (Sol. ex A.Cunn.) Sch.Bip. Taraxacum magellanicum Sch.Bip. |
| Pilosella officinarum Vaill. | other Hieraceum and Pilosella spp. | Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. Hypochaeris radicata L. Leontodon taraxacoides (Vill.) Mérat Microseris scapigera (Sol. ex A.Cunn.) Sch.Bip. Taraxacum magellanicum Sch.Bip. |
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| Pilosella piloselloides subsp. praealta (Gochnat) S.Bräut. & Greuter | other Hieraceum and Pilosella spp. | Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. Hypochaeris radicata L. Leontodon taraxacoides (Vill.) Mérat Microseris scapigera (Sol. ex A.Cunn.) Sch.Bip. Taraxacum magellanicum Sch.Bip. |
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| Pilosella ×stoloniflora (Waldst. & Kit.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip. | Not named in the NPPA manual but covered under Pilosella (all species) | other Hieraceum and Pilosella spp. | Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. Hypochaeris radicata L. Leontodon taraxacoides (Vill.) Mérat Microseris scapigera (Sol. ex A.Cunn.) Sch.Bip. Taraxacum magellanicum Sch.Bip. |
| Pinus contorta Loudon | Two varieties of Pinus contorta appear to be recognised in New Zealand | Pinus mugo Turra Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold Pinus radiata D.Don Pinus sylvestris L. |
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| Pistia stratiotes L. | |||
| Pithecoctenium crucigerum (L.) A.H.Gentry | |||
| Pittosporum undulatum Vent. | Pittosporum eugenioides A.Cunn. | ||
| Plectranthus ciliatus E.Mey. | Plectranthus ecklonii Benth. Plectranthus grandis (Cramer) Willems Plectranthus oertendahlii T.C.E.Fr. Plectranthus purpuratus Harv. |
Teucrium scorodonia L. | |
| Polygala myrtifolia L. | In NPPA manual as Polygala myrtifolia (excluding cultivar 'Grandiflora'). P. myrtifolia 'Grandiflora' is referable to P. ×dalmaisiana | Polygala ×dalmaisiana | |
| Polypodium vulgare L. | |||
| Potamogeton perfoliatus L. | Potamogeton cheesemanii A.Benn. | ||
| Prunus serotina Ehrh. | Prunus laurocerasus L. Prunus lusitanica L. |
||
| Pyracantha angustifolia (Franch.) C.K.Schneid. | Pyracantha coccinea M.Roem. Pyracantha crenatoserrata (Hance) Rehder Pyracantha crenulata (D.Don.) M.Roem. Pyracantha cultivars with orange fruit (e.g., P. 'Orange Glow', P. 'Shawnee') |
Cotoneaster franchetii Bois Cotoneaster frigidus 'Cornubia' |
|
| Rhamnus alaternus L. | |||
| Rhododendron ponticum L. | Rhododendron 'Sir Robert Peel' | ||
| Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. & Schltdl. | Sagittaria sagittifolia L. | ||
| Sagittaria platyphylla (Engelm.) J.G.Sm. | Alisma lanceolatum With. Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Vallisneria australis S.W.L.Jacobs & Les Vallisneria spiralis L. |
||
| Sagittaria sagittifolia L. | Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. & Schltdl. | ||
| Salix cinerea L. | Salix ×reichardtii A.Kern. | ||
| Salix ×fragilis L. | Salix alba var. vitellina (L.) Stokes | ||
| Salvinia molesta D.S.Mitch. | |||
| Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi | |||
| Schoenoplectus californicus (C.A.Mey.) Palla | Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C.Gmel.) Palla | ||
| Selaginella kraussiana (Kunze) A.Braun | |||
| Solanum marginatum L.f. | Solanum mauritianum Scop. | ||
| Solanum mauritianum Scop. | Solanum marginatum L.f. | ||
| Syzygium smithii (Poir.) Nied. | Syzygium australe (Link) B.Hyland | ||
| Tradescantia fluminensis Vell. | Tradescantia albiflora Kunth | ||
| Tropaeolum speciosum Poepp. & Endl. | Tropaeolum pentaphyllum Lam. | ||
| Tussilago farfara L. | Petasites fragrans (Vill.) C.Presl | ||
| Typha latifolia L. | Typha angustifolia L. Typha orientalis C.Presl |
||
| Utricularia arenaria A.DC. | Utricularia livida E.Mey. Utricularia sandersonii Oliv. |
||
| Utricularia gibba L. | Utricularia australis R.Br. Utricularia geminiscapa Benj. |
||
| Utricularia livida E.Mey. | Utricularia sandersonii Oliv. Utricularia arenaria A.DC. |
||
| Utricularia sandersonii Oliv. | Utricularia arenaria A.DC. Utricularia livida E.Mey. |
||
| Vallisneria australis S.W.L.Jacobs & Les | Sagittaria platyphylla (Engelm.) J.G.Sm. | ||
| Zantedeschia aethiopica 'Green Goddess' | Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. | ||
| Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Stapf |
Table 2: Partial list of Environmental Weeds in the key, where the names differ from Howell (2008)
| Environmental Weed species used in key | Notes and comparisons with Howell (2008) |
|---|---|
| Acacia longifolia subsp. longifolia | In Howell (2008) as Acacia longifolia |
| Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Acacia sophorae |
| Anredera cordifolia subsp. cordifolia | In Howell (2008) as Anredera cordifolia, but New Zealand plants correspond to A. cordifolia subsp. cordifolia |
| Araujia hortorum | In Howell (2008) as Araujia sericifera, but this is a misapplication |
| Asparagus plumosus | In Howell (2008) as Asparagus setaceus, but this is a misapplication |
| Bryonia cretica subsp. dioica | In Howell (2008) as Bryonia cretica, but New Zealand plants correspond to B. cretica subsp. dioica |
| Callistemon linearis | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Callistemon rigidus |
| Carex leporina | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Carex ovalis |
| Cenchrus clandestinus | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Pennisetum clandestinum |
| Cenchrus macrourus | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Pennisetum macrourum |
| Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera | In Howell (2008) as Chrysanthemoides monilifera, but New Zealand plants correspond to C. monilifera subsp. monilifera |
| Clematis terniflora | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Clematis maximowicziana |
| Cornus capitata | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Dendrobenthamia capitata |
| Crassula multicava subsp. multicava | In Howell (2008) as Crassula multicava, but New Zealand plants correspond to C. multicava subsp. multicava |
| Delairea odorata | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Senecio mikanioides |
| Erythranthe guttata |
In Howell (2008) as the synonym Mimulus guttatus |
| Fallopia ×bohemica (Fallopia japonica × sachalinensis) | Absent from Howell (2008) but probably should be included as both parental species are Environmental Weeds and the hybrid is found in the wild |
| Fallopia japonica | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Reynoutria japonica |
| Fallopia sachalinensis | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Reynoutria sachalinensis |
| Genista monspessulana | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Teline monspessulana |
| Hakea drupacea | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Hakea suaveolens |
| Imperata cylindrica var. major | In Howell (2008) as Imperata cylindrica, but New Zealand plants correspond to I. cylindrica var. major |
| Jacobaea vulgaris | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Senecio jacobaea |
| Lamium galeobdolon 'Variegatum' | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Galeobdolon luteum |
| Lilium lancifolium | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Lilium tigrinum |
| Malva arborea | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Lavatera arborea |
| Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata and Olea europaea subsp. europaea | In Howell (2008) as Olea europaea (subspecies not specified) – presumably both are Environmental Weeds |
| Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima (and Passiflora tripartita var. azuayensis?) | In Howell (2008) as Passiflora tripartita (varieties not specified) – presumably both are Environmental Weeds |
| Persicaria capitata | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Polygonum capitatum |
| Pilosella aurantiaca subsp. carpathicola | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Hieracium aurantiacum |
| Pilosella officinarum | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Hieracium pilosella |
| Pilosella piloselloides subsp. praealta | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Hieracium praealtum |
| Prunus cerasifera | In Howell (2008) as Prunus ceracifera, but this is an orthographic error |
| Schedonorus arundinaceus | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Schedonorus phoenix |
| Solanum laxum | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Solanum jasminoides |
| Syzygium smithii | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Acmena smithii |
| Watsonia meriana 'Bulbillifera' | In Howell (2008) as the synonym Watsonia bulbillifera |